<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pedro Luís Silva</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stephen L. DesJardins</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">R. Biscaia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carla Sá</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pedro Teixeira</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Public and Private School Grade Inflations Patterns in Secondary Education</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis &amp; Policy</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grade inflation; grading standards; high school grading; postsecondary access equity; upper secondary education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IZA working papers</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;We examine the extent of grade inflation in courses taken during high school and how such differences vary across student and school characteristics. Using administrative data, we assess grade inflation in Portuguese high schools over a decade. We propose a relative measure of grade inflation, comparing students’ high school grades to their national exam ranks. Examining various school types, we find that private schools tend to inflate grades more than their public school peers, particularly at the top of the ability distribution. A regional disaggregation indicates that the northern districts exhibit higher probabilities of grade inflation.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">305-342</style></section></record></records></xml>